Category: 01a. Introduction

Co-authors:
TAN Yuh Huann, OW Eu Gene John, Jeanne Marie HO Pau Yuen
Introduction
This paper provides an overview of weblogs. The first section presents some definitions and key features of weblogs and the ease of creating and maintaining weblogs. The second section presents the potential of using blogs for educational purpose, as well as some issues and concerns.
The definition of blogs
Jorn Barger coined the term �weblog� in 1997 (Blood, 2000). A weblog is essentially a web page �logging� hyperlinks to websites which a web-surfer finds interesting. The term weblog was later truncated to �blog� (Merholz, 2002). The terms Weblogs, or blogs, are currently used to refer to online journals (Nardi, Schiano, Gumbrecht, & Swartz, 2004). The Blog Herald reported that over 60 million blogs existed worldwide in May 2005.
Key features of blogs
A defining feature of a blog is the order in which posts are arranged on the site. A blog is primarily a website that is frequently updated with new posts. The posts are arranged in reverse chronological order, with the most recent entry at the top of the blog (Paquet, 2003; Ward, 2004). In addition to this feature, Paquet (2003) described four other characteristics of a blog: personal editorship; hyperlinked post structure ; archival features and free, public access to the content.
Personal authoring of blog posts often utilises text, hyperlinks, pictures and graphics. With the availability of high bandwidth and storage space, blogs may also be populated with posts containing video clips and audio clips. Some blog owners may improve the interactivity of their blogs by utilising the comment feature. The comment feature allows readers to respond to a post by leaving their comments and opinions on the post.
Blogs have very strong archival features. Within blogs, posts are automatically archived and the archived content is searchable and retrievable through the input of keywords using the search function. In the blogosphere, Rich Site Summary (RSS, also known as Really Simple Syndication) feed is another feature available in many blog engines. With a RSS aggregator (e.g. Bloglines from http://www.bloglines.com), readers of a blog can subscribe to the feeds to keep track of new posts in the blog. With RSS, one can obtain updates in multiple blogs without actually visiting the blogs through a web browser.
Figure 1 below is a screenshot showing some common features of a blog.
The ease of creating and maintaining a blog
A blog can be created with 3 or fewer steps in less than 10 minutes. The practice is similar to composing an email. Updating a blog with new posts requires only a few mouse clicks. Owning a blog is made possible with the availability of free or inexpensive weblogging services, such as Pitas, Livejournal and Pyra Labs’ Blogger.com. These easy-to-use services have resulted in the fast and astounding growth in the number of blogs. (Paquet, 2003).
After a blogger has updated his/her blog, the blogging platform automatically archives posts and replaces them with the latest content on the front page. This is done without the need for any user intervention.
The potential of blogs for teaching & learning
This section presents the theoretical underpinnings for using blogs for teaching and learning. Some promising results of the use of blogs are highlighted to illustrate the educational benefits that could be brought about by blogging.
Rationale for using blogs in education
Much of the pedagogic use of blogging is grounded in Vygotsky�s theory (Ferdig, 2004). Through social interactions mediated by language (but not restricted to language), edublogs offer students the opportunity to surface their ideas in a social plane. The ability to comment on these ideas enables individuals to participate in social construction of knowledge and meaning making. Scaffolding of the meaning making process carried out through commenting can further enhance learning (find out more about scaffolding in the �Issues and Concerns� section). Blogging then supports the internalisation of knowledge by allowing students to look back at their archived posts and reflect on what they have written and the comments provided by their peers or teacher.
Benefits of using of blogs for teaching and learning
Figure 2 on the next page illustrates the potential of blogs.
The literature suggests that blogging can be used to positively enhance the teaching and learning of language and music. Kennedy (2003) reported on the integration of blogs into English classes in secondary schools and stated that �web publication gives students a real audience to write to and, when optimised, a collaborative environment where they can give and receive feedback, mirroring the way professional writers use a workshop environment to hone their craft�. (as cited in Barlett-Bragg, 2003).
Ward (2004) encouraged his English writing class students to blog and his post-course survey confirmed that his students enjoyed the experience though they had no prior web design experience. His students� English language showed improvements and they were more careful in their writing as a larger audience (inclusive of peers) could view and read their work.
In the teaching of Chinese language, Tan, Teo, Aw & Lim (2004) experimented with blogs for the building of student reading portfolios. Students were asked to post and exchange ideas and reflections on their readings through their personal blogs; these reflections collectively formed a reading portfolio over time. Findings from the post-project survey indicated that students felt their writing improved as blogs allowed them to view how others wrote. The students felt encouraged when they saw the positive comments that were given to their posts. In addition, they discovered that their proficiencies in Hanyu Pinyin had improved as a result of inputting Chinese characters using it.
Chong & Soo (2005) examined the pedagogical efficacies of blogs in undergraduate music education. They found out that blogging allowed learning to extend beyond the classroom and students were encouraged to engage in critical reflection. As evident in the students� posts, blogging also facilitated the exchange of ideas between peers and the process of students analysing their peers� posts.

Helpful pointers to facilitate planning for the use of edublogs
The following list of ideas is adapted from Davis�s post on how edublogs can be used (Davis, 2004):
1. You might like to create a reflective, journal type blog to…
� reflect on your teaching experiences that may include:
o description of what worked for you in the classroom or what didn’t work.
o something you learned from another teacher.
o teaching insights you gained from what happened in your classes.
o exploration of important teaching and learning issues.
� share ideas and resources for teaching activities.
2. You might like to start a class blog to…
� provide online readings for your students to read and respond to.
� gather and organise Internet resources for a specific course, providing links to appropriate sites and annotating the links to highlight their relevance.
� post instructions for assignments such as prompts for writing.
� showcase students� work such as art, poetry, and creative stories.
� post photos and comment on class activities.
� communicate with parents.
� link your class with another class somewhere else in the world.
3. You can have your students create their own weblogs to…
� create an ongoing portfolio of samples of their writing.
� write comments, opinions, or questions on daily news items or issues of interest.
� discuss activities they did in class and tell what they think about these activities
� showcase their best writing pieces.
4. You can also ask your class to create a shared weblog to…
� carry out project work in small groups
� showcase products of project-based learning.
� document their progress, findings and answers as they embark on a project, such as WebQuest .
Section 1 of Table 1 describes what a teacher could blog about in his/her professional capacity. This could form part of his/her professional development as the same issue may pose a different meaning at different stages, as a teacher grows with experience. Other teachers reading the blogs can provide insights or tips by providing comments, hopefully creating an informal community.
Sections 2 to 4 describe ways to engage students as bloggers, either to blog individually or to maintain a task specific group blog.
The above list is neither subject specific nor exhaustive, hence more ideas can be generated to suit teachers� teaching and learning context.

Some issues and concerns on the use of blogs for Teaching & Learning
In this section, we will examine some issues and concerns pertinent to the use of edublogs in Singapore�s context.
Inputting of Chinese and Tamil language
For Chinese and Tamil Language teachers, a potential issue that might affect the implementation of edublogs is students� access to computers that are capable of inputting and displaying Chinese and Tamil characters. The availability of Microsoft Windows XP has resolved the need to purchase and install additional software to input Chinese and Tamil. The built-in Window Input Method Editor (IME) allows the input of many languages, including Chinese and Tamil. However, many of the computers at home may not have the IME activated. As such, teachers may need to advise students on the activation steps .

Scaffolding of learning tasks
Blogs serve as another information technology tool that enables learning. However, learning will only be effective if the students are given instructions on how to create a good post, what information to include in a good post, how to give feedback and respond to a feedback given to a post, and so on. These instructions are also known as educational scaffolding (Wood, Bruner & Ross, 1976, cited in Wikipedia). Educational scaffolding may include instructions and guidelines for tasks, problem-solving approaches and work routines. Suggestions put forward by students on their Blogger experience also indicated guidance on tasks could help in forming their thoughts (Luca & McLoughlin, 2005).
Plagiarism
Copying others� work and turning it into one�s own is not new, and the openness of the Internet has made retrieval of solutions and answers a breeze for students (Suarez & Martin, 2001). The problem of plagiarism could possibly plague blog entries. However, Oravec (2003) argued that the availability of blogs to the wider Internet audience could well work against the problem. Students will be able to view each other�s work in the individual blogs, and each student can act as an extra pair of eyes to prevent one another from conveniently copying others� work. Peer pressure may help to reduce the likelihood of plagiarism, as one would not want to copy and be faulted by his peers.

Legal liabilities � copyright, defamation, racism
Teachers may also have to educate students on the legal liabilities for publishing content online. One age-old concern is the infringement of copyrights. In their posts, students may attach pictures, audio files or any other files which may be copyrighted. They can begin their journey of respecting others� intellectual properties by seeking permission from the copyright owners before they post any such materials in their blogs.
Blogging is a means of expressing one�s feelings and emotions but students should also be taught to express themselves responsibly. They should not post information that is hearsay or will hurt others� feeling. This may result in the act of defamation, where someone�s reputation is adversely affected.
In our multi-racial society, students should also cultivate their respect for other races when they blog. They should not post any racist remark that demonstrates discrimination or prejudice against the other ethnic groups.
Anyone who violates the copyright acts or is found guilty of defamation or racism is liable to have legal actions taken against them.
Conclusion
Blogs in education is relatively new in the Singapore context. In the wider social context, blogging has already been readily embraced by the young in Singapore. This phenomena affords educators an opportunity to transfer the ownership (both of the blog and of learning) to students by leveraging the many features of blogs, Teachers should examine their existing processes, and consider how blogs can replace some of their existing practices. The benefits of edublogs can be fully realised only when it is integrated into the teaching and learning practices of the education community.
ANNEX
List of edublogs references/resources websites
1. weblog-ed � the read/write web in the classroom
2. EduBlog Insights – Comments, Reflections and Occasional Brainstorms
3. EduBlog.NET – converging edublogs from a singaporean perspective
List of freely available blog creation/hosting sites
1. Blogger
2. LiveJournal
3. MSN Spaces
REFERENCES
Barger, J. (1999). Weblog resources FAQ. Retrieved Jun 20, 2005, from Robot Wisdom Weblog, http://www.robotwisdom.com/weblogs/
Bartlett-Bragg, A. (2003). Blogging to learn. The Knowledge Tree, Edition Four, 2003. Retrieved February 01, 2005, from http://www.flexiblelearning.net.au/knowledgetree/edition04/pdf/Blogging_to_Learn.pdf
Blog Herald (2005). World wide blog count for May: now over 60 million blogs. Retrieved June 01, 2005, from http://www.blogherald.com/2005/05/25/world-wide-blog-count-for-may-now-over-60-million-blogs/
Blood, R. (2000). Weblogs: a history and perspective. Retrieved Apr 18, 2005, from Rebecca’s Pocket, http://www.rebeccablood.net/essays/weblog_history.html
Davis, A. (2004). Ways to use weblogs in education. Retrieved June 17, 2005, from http://anvil.gsu.edu/EduBlogInsights/2004/10/05
Downes, S. (2004). Educational blogging. EDUCAUSE Review, 39(5), 14�26. Retrieved February 01, 2005, from http://www.educause.edu/pub/er/erm04/erm0450.asp?bhcp=1
Ferdig, R. E., & Trammell, K. D. (2004). Content delivery in the ‘Blogosphere’ [Electronic version]. T.H.E. Journal, February 2004. Retrieved February 01, 2005, from http://www.thejournal.com/magazine/vault/articleprintversion.cfm?aid=4677
Luca, J., & McLoughlin, C. (2005). Supporting collaborative learning with blogs. Proceedings of the Ed-Media 2005, Montreal, Canada, June 27-July 2, 3711-3714.
Merholz, P. (2002). Play with your words. Retrieved Jun 20, 2005, from peterme.com, http://www.peterme.com/archives/00000205.html
O�Donnell, M. (2005). Blogging as pedagogic practice: Artefact and ecology. Paper presented at Blogtalk Downunder, Sydney, May 19-22. Retrieved June 01, 2005, from http://incsub.org/blogtalk/?page_id=66
Oravec, J. A. (2003). Blending by blogging: Weblogs in blended learning initiatives. Journal of Educational Media, Vol. 28, Nos. 2�3, October 2003, 225-233.
Paquet, S. (2003). Personal knowledge publishing and its uses in research. Retrieved 29 May, 2003 from http://www.knowledgeboard.com/cgi-bin/item.cgi?id=96934&d=744&h=746&f=745
Soo, W.M. (2004). Strategies for educational blogs. Paper presented at the Educational Research Association Annual Conference, Singapore, November 24-26.
Suarez, J., & Martin, A. (2001). Internet plagiarism: A teacher’s combat guide. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education [Online serial], 1 (4). Retrieved July 08, 2005, from http://www.citejournal.org/vol1/iss4/currentpractice/article2.htm
Tan, Y.H., Teo, E.H., Aw, W.L., & Lim, W.Y. (2005). Portfolio building in Chinese language learning using blogs. Paper presented at the BlogTalk Downunder 2005 Conference, Sydney, Australia, May 19-22. Retrieved July 08, 2005, from http:// edublog.net/files/papers/portfolio_building_in_cl_learning_using_blogs.pdf
Ward, J. M. (2004). Blog assisted language learning (BALL): Push button publishing for the pupils [Electronic version]. TEFL Web Journal Vol 3 No 1 2004. Retrieved February 25, 2005, from http://www.teflweb-j.org/v3n1/blog_ward.pdf
Wikipedia (2005). Edublog. Retrieved June 17, 2005, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edublog
Wikipedia (2005). Hanyu Pinyin. Retrieved September 14, 2005, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin
Wikipedia (2005). Jerome Bruner. Retrieved July 7, 2005, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Bruner

DOWNLOAD
The full PDF version of this paper can be downloaded here.

Just compiled some slides for use if there is a need to present a quick overview of blogs and edublogs (blogs in education).
If you need the presentation, grab it here.
If you want to distribute it as handouts, grab the pdf file here.
Feel free to modify for your own needs 😉

What is a Blog?
Blog, also known as Weblog, is an online diary. The entries are dated and arranged in reverse chronological order. One’s bits and parts of life are shared with anyone with internet access on this open platform. Blogs used for educational purposes are known as edublogs.
Why does one blog?
Since blog is a diary, the reason for blogging can be just to recall some happenings in the day, or simply some personal reflections.
With this understanding, a large number of edublogs will exist for reflection purposes. This may include things like article reviews, book reviews, expression of thoughts on current issues etc.
How can edublogs be used?
Besides using blogs for personal reflections, it can also be used for group reflections, where more than one student co-own a blog.
With the commenting feature turned on, visitors to the blog may provide feedback and thoughts on the blog entries. Students may thus be asked to comment on peers’ reviews. When the owner of the blog replies to the comments, a discussion begins.
Such discussions may be contained within the same blog, or visitors may choose to link the discussion back to his/her own blog by using the trackback feature.
Students shouldn’t just be the ones enjoying blogging, but teachers should also join in the fun and benefit from owning a blog! Through a teacher’s blog, students may be able to understand the concerns and thought processes of their teacher. This can lead to improvement in teacher-student relationship, and the benefits will extend to classroom face-to-face lessons.
A teacher may want to double his/her blog as a class blog where students can visit to put down their thoughts or feedback their comments on classroom processes. A separate blog can be created for this purpose too.
Often, teachers may not be able to clarify all of the students’ queries due to limited classroom hours. Such Q&A can be brought offline to a blog, where a teacher need not give answers to questions straightaway, but instead carry out some scaffolding to allow students to discover the answers for themselves. Students may in turn document each of these self-discovery learning journey in their personal blogs. Students are now empowered with the ownership of learning.
If teachers can take such documentations of learning as part of students’ assignments, this will instil meaning into students’ writing. While they are documenting their learning, they are also writing their reflections for an audience, which is their fellow classmates (may include friends from other classes/schools too).
What’s the benefits of using edublogs?
With the use of blogs, we are changing the way feeback is carried out. In the traditional paper-n-pen model, students are handing up written assignments for marking, the communication is very much one-way and one-to-one. The teacher marking the piece of assignment may be the sole person reading it, and the student will only receive comments from the teacher. With blogs, peer commenting can be introduced and views/ideas among peers can now be exchanged. Teachers will no longer be the sole source of feedback. Not to mention that the weaker students will now have the chance to model and learn from some of the better work put up by his/her classmates.
When teacher allows students to document their learning in blogs, they are transferring the ownership of learning to the students. Students understand that it has to be based on their own effort if they are going to make their blogs presentable to fellow peers.
The use of a blog by a group of students as a repository of resources, as well as to track progress in project work can promote cooperative and/or collaborative learning.
As blogs are relatively easy to maintain, it would save significant amount of time if blogs are used for a long term process, such as for portfolio building. Through a portfolio, a student’s progress in learning can be captured over time. A language teacher may want to allow his/her student to build a reading/writing portfolio.
Students are most excited when they are able to customise the look and feel of their blogs by editing their blogskins. This adds to the element of fun in learning, which can in turn motivate students in their learning.
Where to find blogs? Where to create one?
Searching for “free blog” under Google will turn up many results. There are basically 2 types of blog hosting services, namely the free and paid services.
One of the most commonly used free platform is Blogger.com. Almost everyone will be able to create a personal blog with just “3-steps” under 10 minutes.
Other common names are LiveJournal, Xanga, Diaryland etc.
Some bloggers may prefer paid solutions such as TypePad for additional features, while others with access to a server may opt for solutions such as Manila, MovableType, WordPress, b2evolution etc.
Most of our students, if not all, have been using the free solutions for hosting their personal blogs. Some schools may choose to use the paid/hosted solutions which can ride on their existing IT infrastructure and gives better control.
How do I start using blogs for my lessons?
From the pedagogical point of view, you may want to relook at your existing processes, and identify an area you would like to introduce the use of blog into. Ideally, this introduction should replace an existing processes, e.g. students handling in of journals are replaced with blog entries; students submitting of project progress reports are replaced with entries in blogs.
Next you’ll need to draw up an implementation timeline to see how you can step-by-step introduce blogs to your students. Depending on the IT proficiency level of your students, you may need to hand-hold them for the creation of accounts at the initial stage. You may also work with your IT HOD to engage any IT trainers in the training of students to get things started.
How do I monitor the updating of my students’ blogs?
You will be able to monitor multiple blogs with one single web-based tool: Bloglines.com. Bloglines will be able to communicate with the blogs and check to see if these blogs have been updated. A detailed user guide of using Bloglines.com is available for download.
(updated on 7th June 2005)